Americans On The Eve Of The Revolution essays

Americans On The Eve Of The Revolution essays Americans at the Eve of the Revolution Prior to the Revolutionary war, early Americans were struggling to find their identity among the rest of the world. As they strived for independence, England began to bear down on the colonies and take away the cherished self-government that tee colonists had enjoyed to this point. The colonists began to band together in a common interest. Independence. The energetic, ambitious, independent-minded colonists were no longer willing to live under English control. Tired of unfair taxation, unequal rights, and unreasonable laws, colonists were ready for change. The English were in great debt following the French-Indian War along with other military campaigns throughout Europe. In realization that debts needed to be paid, the English immediately looked to the colonies to solve financial burdens. The Parliament soon passed and enforced many laws and taxes to raise money to revive a struggling government. The colonists who lived in practical freedom now faced a life controlled by selfish monarchs an ocean away. The passing of the Proclamation of 1763, which took hard-earned land from colonists, and the Trade and Navigation Acts, which forced merchants to stop in England en route to their trade destination, greatly disturbed the freedom they had. The Stamp Act of 1765, perhaps the most hated tax the British implemented, had an effect that would progress beyond any reasonable prediction. Led by Samuel Adams, the Stamp Act Congress was formed. This was the first cooperation among the colonies. The congress ordered a boycott on all British Goods. England soon revoked the Stamp Act. I believe that this was a huge encouragement for the Americans it their march towards independence. Many colonists of this time were unhappy with the way England was governing America. The British Statesman, Edmund Burke, greatly empathized with the Americans. D ...

How to Make APA In-Text Citations and Examples

How to Make APA Ins APA style is the format that is typically required of students who are  writing essays and reports  for courses in psychology and the social sciences. This style  is similar to MLA, but there are small but important differences. For example,  the APA format calls for fewer abbreviations in the citations, but  it places more emphasis on publication  dates in the notations.   The author and date are stated any time you use information from an outside source. You place these in parentheses  immediately after the cited material, unless you have mentioned the authors name in your text. If the author is stated in the flow of your essay text,  the date is parenthetically stated immediately after the cited material. For example: During the outbreak, the doctors thought the psychological symptoms were unrelated (Juarez, 1993). If the author is named in the text, only put the date in parenthesis. For example: Juarez (1993) has analyzed many reports written by psychologists directly involved in the studies. When citing a work with two authors, you should cite the last names of both authors. Use an ampersand () to separate the names in the citation, but use the word and in the text. For example: The small tribes along the Amazon that have survived over the centuries have evolved in parallel ways (Hanes Roberts, 1978). or Hanes and Roberts (1978) claim that the ways in which the small Amazonian tribes have evolved over the centuries are similar to each other. Sometimes you will have to cite a work with three to five authors, if so, cite them all in the first reference. Then, in following citations, state only the first authors name followed by et al. For example: Living on the road for weeks at a time has been linked to many negative emotional, psychological, and physical health issues (Hans, Ludwig, Martin, Varner, 1999). and then: According to Hans et al. (1999), lack of stability is a major factor. If you use a text that has six or more authors, cite the last name of the first author followed by et al. and the year of publication. The complete list of authors should be included in the works cited list at the end of the paper. For example: As Carnes et al. (2002) have noted, the immediate bond between a newborn baby and its mother has been extensively studied by many disciplines. If you are citing a corporate author, you should state the full name in each in-text reference followed by the publication date. If the name is long and the abbreviated version is recognizable, it may be abbreviated in subsequent references. For example: New statistics show that owning pets improves emotional health (United Pet Lovers Association [UPLA], 2007). The type of pet seems to make little difference (UPLA, 2007). If you need to cite more than one work by the same author published in the same year, differentiate between them in the parenthetical citations by putting them in alphabetical order in the reference list and assigning each work with a lower case letter. For example: Kevin Walkers Ants and the Plants They Love would be Walker, 1978a, while his Beetle Bonanza would be Walker, 1978b. If you have material written by authors with the same last name, use the first initial of each author in every citation to distinguish them. For example: K. Smith (1932) wrote the first study done in his state. Material obtained from sources such as letters, personal interviews, phone calls, etc. should be stated in the text using the persons name, the identification personal communication and the date said communication was obtained or took place. For example: Criag Jackson, Director of Passion Fashion, stated that the color changing dresses are the wave of the future (personal communication, April 17, 2009). Keep in mind a few punctuation rules as well: Always put the citation at the end of the material used.If you are using a direct quote, put the citation on the outside of the closing quotation mark.End punctuation (period, exclamation point) for the text follows the parenthetical citation.If you are using a block quotation, place the citation after the final punctuation mark of the paragraph.Always include a page reference for the material being cited.

Organization and transformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Organization and transformation - Essay Example It is evident that the world keeps changing at an extremely rapid rate. It is rare that a single day passes without the news of another discovery or a boundary pushing inventions. Globalisation seems to have dominated much of the corporate and political scenario lately. It has compelled organisations to reallocate resources completely. Major impacts have been more visible in case of the SMEs while the airlines industry has demonstrated significant changes among the large enterprises (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997, p.286). On the other hand, the dark side of globalisation has given rise to exploitation, terrorism, refugees and the like. The rate with which the changes have been taking place has been outpacing peoples’ abilities to catch up with the change. Organisations people rely on, for meeting their regular needs and wants have been demonstrating rapid and dramatic changes. Such changes are being incorporated in terms of the organisation strat egies, structures, systems, boundaries and also organisational expectations from their managers and staff. The concept of change management gains relevance in the context of an organisational setting. Mangers and leaders must understand the reasons why change takes place, the way changes happen, and the things that are required to be done for making the change more acceptable and welcoming (Cameron & Green, 2004, p.2). The Case Canada’s Bombardier was established in the year 1942 and was initially involved in the making of snowmobiles and various other similar equipments. However, the focus has now shifted towards the manufacturing of airplanes and trains. In fact the company has evolved as the leader in the manufacturer of trains and takes the number three position in the manufacturing of civil aircrafts (Simpson, 2011). Even amidst the economic downturn the company’s stock prices and revenues have remained at a high level. This demonstrates the success the company ha s been able to achieve which has acted as a shield against the external shocks in the economy and helped it to stands high when most other companies were incurring losses. Over the recent past, it has also been able to boost its level of investments which reflects through its designing a completely new airplane, which is called the CSeries. The special benefit that this design provides is that it is characterised by lower emissions and incurs lesser costs in comparison to the remaining airplanes. Pierre Beaudoin, who has been the CEO and President of the company since the year 2008, has attributed resilience of the company significantly towards its present culture. Beaudoin is known for taking the initiative of completely changing the culture of the organisation and making a complete transformation of the way the company operated and functioned in the industry. He had done this being the president of Bombardier Aerospace. The transformation was primarily in the form of changing the company which was driven by engineering and manufacturing goals and also has in depth cultural divisions to that which was

Legal duscuss unit4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legal duscuss unit4 - Essay Example Further, the recreational benefit prevails over the danger of the pond, and to remove the risk is a heavy burden on the land owner. Therefore, the courts finding on doctrine of attractive nuisance wound not change given the following fact that the pond is 300m rather than 100m, and the increases of the depth of the pond from 6ft to 25ft means a heavy burden to the propertys owner to refill the pond. The clearness of the water makes the visibility of any danger more visible than in muddy water. Similarly, the walkway make the pond a more recreation centre, and the age of the children being 3 $4 years does not constitute a change in facts, because the parents should take care of the children rather than the property owner. The decision of the court should not change. The case of appeal has to succeed because there are no facts of this case distinguishing if from the precedent case of McDermott v. Kaczmarek, 2 Wn. App. 643, 469 p.2d 191 (1970). This case set the rules as the condition having the probability of causing harm, the pond in Ochampaugh case is likely to cause harm as the appellant had told the children never to go there alone. The pond is attractive to children, unguarded, and accessible, therefore, the plaintiff should be held liable for attractive doctrine seeks to protect

Enhancing the Quality of Services and Processes through Strategic Essay

Enhancing the Quality of Services and Processes through Strategic Management - Essay Example The paper tells that the contemporary hospital presents a complex inter-relationship of responsibilities in addition to objectives that need to be balanced to enhance service delivery. Hospital executives constantly focus on internal aspects such as recruitment, acquisition of facilities and equipments as well as provision of healthcare to patients. The Arnold Palmer Hospital is evocative of a scenario whereby top management mainly focuses on patient satisfaction as an end in itself. Patients can be awarded valuable gifts of up to $200 by the hospital employees in case they complain reasonably. As much as it is necessary to apply a patient focused approach to management of the hospital, it is also necessary to take in to consideration the external factors that influence the strategic position as well as the day to day operations of the facility. The hospital managers need to focus on satisfying the needs of employees, patients and other stakeholders who represent diverse interests. S trategic management involves designing, implementing and evaluating managerial decisions so as to be able to accomplish an organization’s long term objectives. It also involves systematic analysis and evaluation of internal and external factors so as to be able to make decisions for the future of the organization. Liebeskind views strategic management as a process whereby managers decide on the mission, vision and objectives which they would like to be achieved over a specified time limit. They develop policies and plans to be followed by employees so as to achieve the mission and objectives. After developing plans, they provide resources that facilitate the implementation of policies and after a specified time, they evaluate whether the goals have been accomplished. Mission statements help managers to set the company direction (Collis & Montgomery 2001). Various theories have been put forward by scholars regarding what strategic management entails. Mintzberg’s theory helps managers to interpret the process of strategic planning and be able to plan even when internal or external factors influence the accomplishment of daily activities. Arnold Palmer Hospital’s management can accomplish its strategic objectives if Mintzberg’s approach is adopted (Mintzberg, 1990). The management of this hospital needs to design, plan and position the hospitals operations in consideration of the future. The designing process according to Mintzberg involves with strategy development whereby the management evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the institution against the opportunities and threats which are among the external factors affecting its efficiency. Based on the result, the management is able to formulate a strategy which addresses the shortcomings while trying to maintain equilibrium between the external factors and organizational performance. The organizational strategy needs to be understood and implemented by all staff members while on the other hand. Flexibility in strategy is important to ensure that the organization maintains competitiveness in the constantly changing operating environment (Mintzberg, 1990). Planning involves formulating a strategy with a time line, goals and objectives, which are stated and formulated to help achieve the organizational objectives. A plan will provide the hospital’s management with direction through clearly stated objectives. Planning is a continuous process as variables keep changing hence the need for management to be ready for changes throughout the organization’

The Rise Of Secularization In 19th Century

The Rise Of Secularization In 19th Century The secularization of 19th century England was multicausal. Various factors contributed to this process. Among them were post-effects of The Enlightenment namely humanistic philosophy that manifested itself with the spread of deism and Enlightenment aesthetics. Other factors included science and natural theology. Natural theology was the attempt of the church to stave off secularization, but in fact hastened the process. Clearly science was more responsible for the secularization of nineteenth century England than Enlightenment humanistic philosophy. This essay will explore the watershed of natural theology and its demise in nineteenth century England. Recognizing the intellectual context and environment that existed at the turn of the 19th century helps illuminate why humanistic causes contributed to Englands secularization. There was, as Thomas Kuhn states, a paradigm shift in society. The industrial revolution led to massive urbanization that often occupied previously religious building for commerce and industry. Cathedrals, abbeys, and churches gradually became merely additional spots in a city and no longer the city centres or primary places of gathering. There was a shift from superstitions and spiritual explanations for different phenomena to physical and reason-based explanations especially between the 17th century before 1660 and the Enlightenment of the 18th century. (155) For example, before this paradigm shift people dealt with the insane via exorcism because their insanity was attributed to Satan. (Brook 1993, 155) Afterwards, new medical elites deemed these practices madness and attributed insanity to non-spiritual ca uses. Among these events specific groups formed, which were led by this appeal of rationality over conventional religion such as the aesthetes and deists. The aesthetes, such as Irish author Oscar Wilde, deists and other groups resented bourgeois society particularly the rigid conservatism, oppressive hypocrisy and suppression of intellectualism of the church. Historians of Victorian intellectual life such as David J. DeLaura have recognized that numerous Victorian atheists and agnostics left the Christian church because they believed Christianity was becoming immoral. The loss of religious faith in such representative early Victorian agnostics as F. W. Newman (John Henry Newmans brother), and J. A. Froude was not due to the usually suggested reasons of the rise of evolutionary theory in geology and biology. The dominant factor was a growing repugnance toward the ethical implications of what each had been taught to believe as essential Christianity the doctrines: Original Sin, Reprobation, Baptismal Regeneration, Vicarious Atonement, and Eternal Punishment. (DeLaura 1969, 13). Murphys journal article The Ethical Revolt Against Christian Orthodoxy in Early Victorian England (1955) in The American Historical Review explains how it was predominantly ethical rejections of Christian Doctrine that led to the secularization of 19th century England. He presents case studies of three individuals F. W. Newman (1805-97), J. A. Froude (1818-94), and Mary Anne Evans (1819-1880). Murphy explains that contrary to the popular views, that once Darwin and Lyell demonstrated that neither the origin of the earth nor the origin of man according to Genesis was congruent with scientific discovery that the majority of thinking people became agnostic or atheist, secularization occurred during the Victorian age predominantly due to conflicts between orthodox dogma and meliorist ethical bias of the times. (Murphy 1955, 801) Murphy argues that science did provide important ammunition once the attack on orthodoxy had begun, but it did not produce the attack. The records of these three people leave no trace of having read Lyell and they all had left the church 10-20 years before Origin of Species was published. Newman grows up in a Christian home but later writes a book Phases of Faith where he describes that he is disturbed by the dominant Christian doctrines believing them to be unethical. Newman finds through critical reasoning that the sacrifice of Christ serving as atonement was not logical because attacking the infinite strength of Christ was evading not satisfying justice as Christ was not really harmed. (Murphy 1955, 803) Murphy explains that Froude did not waste time on fine points of science or Biblical scholarship, but came straight to the main point: the intolerable ethical primitiveness of the vicari-ous-atonement principle (808) Froude states the atonement principles claim that the guilt of a mans sin be transferred, even voluntarily, to an innocent Christ is a perversion of justice. Furthermore to then state that a mans sin is a loss that God suffe rs by which He would need satisfaction that needed to be paid, without it mattering by whom, is an insult to Gods persona. Finally, Evans deviates from the faith because she believes that it is unethical and untrue that religious faith is a necessary prerequisite to attaining moral excellence. In an article entitled Evangelical Teaching: Dr. Cumming (Westminster Review, October 1855) she writes about Dr. Cumming, a self-righteous admired London preacher to be teaching Christian doctrine found to be subversive of true moral development and therefore positively noxious. (Evans 1855, 1) Thus, these case studies demonstrate how the secularization of 19th century England occurred due to meliorist rejections of ethical issues found in church doctrine. However, what even more greatly contributed to the secularization of nineteenth century England was the development of science. Science was viewed as a vehicle of social and intellectual liberation. (Brooke 1993, 155) Natural Theology attempted to make theological claims about the existence of God by observing nature and drawing conclusions via the design argument instead of making claims based on Gods own self-revelation via scripture. The design argument is proposed by Paley in his work Natural Theology (1802) There cannot be design without a designer; contrivance without a contriver; order without choice; arrangement, without anything capable of arranging. (12) Paley believes nature is a mechanism, and hence was intelligently designed. He made this connection because he was writing while England was experiencing the Industrial Revolution. American Philosopher Alston in Perceiving God defines natural theology as the enterprise of providing support for religious beliefs by starting from premises that neither are nor presuppose any religious beliefs (Alston, 1991b, p.289) Natural theology as defence of Christian theology proves fatal. Swiss theologian Barth rejects Natural Theology. He states that this belief causes a bifurcation of knowledge of God into natural knowledge of God and revealed knowledge of the triune God, which is scientifically theologically intolerable. Barth argues that unless rational structure [is] bound up with the actual content of the knowledge of God it [becomes] a distorting abstraction.(Torrance, 1970, 128). American philosopher Platinga views Natural Theology as an attempt to prove or demonstrate the existence of God. This is a problem because it supposes that belief in God rests upon evidential basis. Hence belief in God is not a basic belief and self-evident. Belief in God necessitates being grounded on a more basic belief, but doing this gives the more basic belief greater epistemic status than belief in God. Platinga argues that belief in God is itself basic and does not need justification with references to other beliefs. Natural theology provided deists and atheists new ammunition to establish their own arguments. If God could be explained exclusively with empirical evidence, then His non-existence could also be explained exclusively with empirical evidence if that evidence could be attributed to another origin. Lyell in his Principles of Geology (1830) argues for uniformitarianism stating that the same physical and geological forces observed in the present have been active over a colossal span of time in the past. Darwin in On the Origin of Species (1859) poses a similar argument along with counter-teleological arguments of natural selection, presenting directionality within nature without implying progression or purpose. (McGrath 2010, 36) Biologist Thomas Huxley and Physicist John Tyndall make significant contributions in delegitimizing natural theology and using science to secularize England. Huxley debates and rebukes Oxford bishop Wilberforce when Wilberforce denounces Darwins evolution theory in their debate of 1860 at the British Association meeting at Oxford. This was but one of many events concerning the clergys lost domination of intellectual life in Britain. When the British Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1830 clerics composed 30% of its total members. During the period 1831-1865 forty-one clergy were in association. Then in the period 1866-1900 only three remained. (Brooke 1993, 50) Between 1660 and 1793 the scientific world established more than 70 official scientific societies (and almost as many private ones) in urban centres as far removed as St. Petersburg and Philadelphia. (Brooke 1993, 152) Huxley and his colleagues use the conflict thesis of science vs. religion to attack t he Anglican and Roman Catholic churches. Drapers History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (1874) and Whites History of the Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom (1896) made the Conflict thesis well know arguing that it is the nature of science religion to be in opposition. Draper in his work states, The history of Science is not a mere record of isolated discoveries; it is a narrative of the conflict of two contending powers, the expansive force of the human intellect on one side, and the compression arising from [traditional] faith and human interests on the other. (Draper 1874, vi) Northwestern University History Professor Heyck argues that Victorian scientists wanted nothing less than to move science from the periphery to the centre of English life (Heyck 1982, 87) Tyndall in 1874 gave a speech in Belfast, a very religious city, before the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He argues that science holds greater authority than religion or non-rationalist explanations. In his attack on religion Tyndall upholds rationalism, consistency and scepticism. Thus, at the close of the 19th century, the concept was cemented into the English psyche that science and religion were in grave conflict and that, as such, science needed to be divorced from religion or non-rationality. Natural theology had been warped into a new breed of naturalistic science where the observations of nature provided evidence for an evolutionary origin not needing a religious explanation. Although post-effects of the enlightenment clearly did contribute to the secularization of 19th century England, they were not as significant as the contributions of science. Secularization in England had to do with changing society so that it was no longer under the control or influence of religion. The argument that meliorist objections to the ethical components of Christian Doctrine were the driving force that disempowered the church does not hold. Issues regarding ethics did decrease the membership of churches, but it did not disempower the church like science did. Science through the rise and fall of natural theology gave birth to a whole new generation of figures such as Huxley and Darwin who undermined the role of the church in society. Ethical grievances marginalized specific groups of people such as the aesthetes from the church but it did not remove the churchs influence over society to the same degree that scientific development did. The demise of natural theology led to a series of publications and conferences that took away the churchs predominant role in the field of science and society. Post enlightenment effects such as questions on ethics acted as a catalyst for secularization, but it did not lead to significantly greater removal of church influence. The enlightenment and science are inextricably linked but the effects science and natural theology had on removing church influence and supremacy in Victorian England caused greater paradigm shifts in society than ethical conflicts as evinced by the sources. Thus, it is clear that science to a far greater extent led to the secularization of nineteenth century England. The evidence demonstrates that Natural Theology did not strengthen but instead weakened the church. By attempting to demonstrate Gods existence and presence by empirical analysis exclusively theologians provided a platform for a new emergence of deism and atheism. Lyell, Darwin, Huxley, and Tyndall acted as catalysts to this process as they used the premises of Natural Theology to draw new conclusions about the origins the earth and living organisms. Draper and White towards the end of the nineteenth century concluded that science and religion had become enemies in their conflict thesis undermining religious activity as non-rational. Post effects of the enlightenment, such as the meliorist objections to the ethics of church doctrine and the emergence of new anti-religious groups such as the aesthetes did contribute to Englands secularization but to a lesser extent. Hence, s cience was the predominant factor in the secularization of England in the 19th century. Word Count: 2054 The above essay is all my own work: the source of all material used in its compilation has been duly cited and all help received is acknowledged. The essay does not substantially duplicate material previously or simultaneously submitted to academic staff at any academic institution. Jesse Alvarez

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan Essay -- Papers

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan In just over a month of fighting, two deeply disturbing features of the war were evident even to the generals who had unleashed the first campaigns: a quick victory was impossible, and the human and material losses incurred as a result of the industrialization of war preparation were on a scale never before seen. The Schlieffen plan had at first seemed to go according to schedule. Although the Belgians had declared war rather than allow the Germans passage across their borders, their great fortresses had not proved a big obstacle. The right wing had swung along the Channel coast to enter France on August 27, and at one time were within forty miles of Paris. But the British had supplied an unexpectedly large expeditionary force, which helped strengthen the French center; the Russians penetrated into East Prussia and thus compelled the Germans to detach part of their forces from the western to the eastern front; and the poor leadership of Von Moltke had allowed his two armies on the Belgian front to lose contact. The French commander Joffre seized his opportunity to counterattack, and threw in his reserve against the dangerously extended German line to the east of Paris. In the first Battle of the Marne, the Germans were forced to retreat to the line of the river Aisne, where they were able to establish a strong defense line. By November, when the winter rains began and operations literally bogged down, the war of rapid movement originally planned by the generals had turned into a slogging match between entrenched armies, disposed in double lines of ditches behind barbed wire barriers along a front that ... ...ternate fire-bays and traverses. Duck-boards were also placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers from problems such as trench foot. Soldiers also made dugouts and funk holes in the side of the trenches to give them some protection from the weather and enemy fire. The front-line trenches were also protected by barbed-wire entanglements and machine-gun posts. Short trenches called saps were dug from the front-trench into No-Man's Land. The sap-head, usually about 30 yards forward of the front-line, were then used as listening posts. Behind the front-line trenches were support and reserve trenches. The three rows of trenches covered between 200 and 500 yards of ground. Communication trenches, were dug at an angle to the frontline trench and was used to transport men, equipment and food supplies.

Baroque period examples

Rich in deep colour and intense contrast of shadows, 17th century Baroque paintings tended to show the most dramatic and culminating moments of a scene, whose simplicity and clarity was supposed to appeal to the viewer’s senses rather than mind. Caravaggio’s The Taking of Christ (1602) represents Judas’ treacherous kiss and the capture of Jesus Christ by soldiers. A contrast between defenseless Christ’s humility and the guards’ formidable armour and determination is intensified by the use of light and dark shadows, known as chiaroscuro and typical of Baroque painting.The scene’s emotional intensity is emphasized by the horrified expression of St Mark fleeing out of the painting (Lubbock, 2007). Both Rubens’ Deposition (Lille’s version) and Rembrandt’s The Descent from the Cross (1633) represent Jesus’ dead body, the central figure, being lowered from the cross and surrounded by His lamenting followers. A similar co ntrast between light and dark, although to a different extent, is used to intensify the dramatic moment (Jones, 2004; Lussier).Caravaggio, Rubens, and Rembrandt produced their masterpieces at a time when the Roman Catholic Church was fighting against the spreading Protestant Reformation in Europe. Trying to strengthen its position and authority, the Church encouraged painting representing religious scenes which, along with preaching, could help inspire devotion and promote its official doctrine. Although various biblical scenes proliferated in art at that time, most artists also introduced their own features to the new artistic style.Caravaggio used models when depicting Christ and other biblical figures often introducing dirty reality in his works (Lubbock, 2007). Rubens was preoccupied in his paintings with the description of life as it was realistically depicting flesh of both living and dead naked human beings. The subject of death is one of his favourite themes (Jones, 2004). R embrandt was interested in capturing the psychological aspect of human actions and expressions and showing it in his paintings. His subjects are dynamic and his works fill the viewer with sadness and compassion (Lussier).All three works of art helped promote the ideals taught by the Roman Catholic Church and enhance the authority of biblical figures. Caravaggio’s Christ does not resist His fate, and by showing humility and faith He emphasizes the importance of spiritual strength rather than physical fight and encourages His followers to do the same (Caravaggio’s The Taking of Christ). Rembrandt’s figures are dressed in contemporary clothes emphasizing that the Saviour’s death has been the central event of human existence at all ages.The beaten dead body of Christ is realistic and not different from an ordinary human being arousing compassion and inspiring devotion (Lussier). A realistic depiction of Christ’s dead body by Rubens is similarly compuls ive, and the sorrowful faces and desperate gestures of the surrounding women are supposed to fill the viewers with compassion and make them bow their heads in worship (Campbell, 2004). These masterpieces are simple in terms of subject matter, produce immediate emotional impact on viewers, and make them emotionally participate in the sacred scenes.All three paintings represent scenes from Jesus Christ’s life and death. The composition in Rubens’ Deposition and Rembrandt’s The Descent from the Cross gives us the impression of a movement from the upper part of the paintings to their lower part, as if to enhance the idea of the Saviour’s death and His descent into the tomb. In Caravaggio’s The Taking of Christ the figures are moving from right to left as though through Jesus who is not moving. Caravaggio’s composition seems to emphasize the spiritual difference which exists between Him and the rest of us.The way the figures are represented in al l three works is also different to some extent. Caravaggio did not depict the whole bodies of his figures, but only parts of them, the rest of the space being filled with fragments of clothes, armour, and dark shadows (Lubbock, 2007). Rembrandt and Rubens realistically and with great detail depict Christ’s dead body and those of other figures. Rubens also depicts the ideal human bodies of the men lowering Christ in the same way classical painters did (Lussier).References Campbell, P. (2004, April 1). In Lille. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. lrb. co. uk/v26/n07/print/camp01_. html Caravaggio’s The Taking of Christ. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. nga. gov/exhibitions/caravbr-2. htm Jones, J. (2004, April 3). Flesh of Genius. The Guardian on the Web. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. guardian. co. uk/artanddesign/2004/apr/03/art Lubbock, T.(2007, April 6). Caravaggio: The Takin g of Christ (1602-3). The Independent on the Web. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/caravaggio-the-taking-of-christ-16023-744398. html Lussier, L. The Descent from the Cross: Two Paintings once assumed to be painted by Rembrandt. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. geocities. com/Hollywood/Bungalow/2201/cross/rembrandt. html

Variations on the Word Love essays

Variations on the Word Love essays The word love has many meanings to describe personal feelings and has been overused as a marketing tool. In Margaret Atwoods poem, Variations on the Word Love, the author explores the meanings and the different interpretations of the word love. She explains these meanings through symbolism, imagery, and diction. The word 'love' is overused and can be interpreted in a numerous ways losing its meaning. Symbolism in the poem allows Atwood to explore the many meanings of love by replacing them with different symbols. Atwood describes love as, a word we use to plug holes with (Lines 1-2). Atwood does not mean plugging real holes like in the ground but plugging a gap in a sentence to express personal feelings or indescribable words. Love is one of these words that is used, to plug holes with (Lines 1,2), because it has many interpretations and meanings that it fills the gaps of what people are trying to say perfectly. Many people use this word to fill in gaps to express their feelings, which has been repeatedly used to the point that the word love has lost meaning. Atwood tries to describe the many ways love is interpreted and used in our society. Her use of imagery to explore what love really means, gives the reader a mental picture. She asks, How do we know it isnt what goes on at the cool debaucheries of slugs under damp pieces of cardboard? (Line 13-16) This imagery personificates the slugs to be able to have the human emotion of love. Atwood is trying to relay the fact that there are endless amounts of meanings for the word love. By using the metaphor, a finger grip on a cliffside (Lines 35-36). Atwood tries to describe the feeling of 'love' but does not specifically say what the feeling of love really is. The true meaning of the word love...

Education and Society Essay Example

Education and Society Essay Example Education and Society Essay Education and Society Essay Education an instrument of social progress? Julia Suhorutsenko Tartu 01. 01. 2011 I would like to start my essay with the questions: what is the social progress? How can education help promote social progress? The social progress is the higher raise of the standard of living of a certain society. From that point education could provide its individuals a better understanding of how the society functions as a whole and what their roles are in that society, which could lead to economic, security, and material advances.At any given stage of society, the intelligence and moral character of its individual members limits social organization. It is obvious that the progress in human society depends upon the relation between one generation and its successor. As new life comes into society, it improves the character of the life of the society. Several thinkers propose two possible ways of bringing about such improvement: first, through the selection of the hereditary elements in society, elim inating the unfit and preserving the more fit; but, such a scheme of artificial selection could be too complicated.The second method is the improvement of the individual character through education and training. Similarly the natural instincts and tendencies of individuals may be greatly modified by training, the habits and hence the character of individuals can be artificial formed and controlled through education. Education is, then, the great means of controlling habit and character in complex social groups, and as such it is the chief means to which society must look for all substantial social progress.It is the instrument by which human nature may be apparently indefinitely modified, and hence, also, the instrument by which society may be perfected. The task of social regeneration is essentially the task of education. Therefore the main reliance of society in all forward movements must be upon education. So, how the ideal educated person should look like? This is a topic that h as been discussed for years. In determining what being educated means we must first explore the definition of education.The Webster dictionary defines education as â€Å"the process of providing schooling for, training by formal instruction and supervised practice especially in a skill, trade, or profession. † An educated person is someone who has grown up under a traditional educational system, in which he has attended school and finally got a degree from the university in which he has applied to his profession. But, who influences our ideas and beliefs and what is the purpose of the education in forming the character of the new individuals in the society? How to decide what knowledge should be passed on to the next generation and how should it be taught?Aristotle explained, â€Å"Every acorn has the potential to be actualised as a giant oak tree, but for a variety of reasons not all acorns fulfil their potential of becoming an oak tree and too few humans attain the ideal o f becoming rational contemplative beings. Aristotle believed that nurturing the acorn at the right time in the right way could enhance the acorn’s chances of fulfilling its inherent potential. In comparison an educator, by appropriately exposing human beings to the great minds struggling with the perennial problems of humankind can enhance the human being’s natural desire to know. (Philosophical Documents in Education, pg. 34). Aristotle believed the ultimate goal of education was to support humans in finding their unique role in their society. That is equivalent to teaching people trades and skills. But it does not give individuals a broad understanding of the world they live in. Aristotle’s notion that when engaged in contemplation a person has reached their potential should dispel any notion that a person would be happy for the rest of their life in one skill or trade. Constant contemplation would create a thirst for more knowledge that the training of a skil l would not quenched.Similarly the theorist Rousseau also saw the child early in life as an empty receptacle, waiting to be filled. He was the first to introduce the concept of child centred education and he believed that â€Å"by properly educating future generations, a society could be created that resolved the conflict between individual needs and societal demands†. (Philosophical Documents in Education, pg. 73). To Rousseau nature was the key, he believed that â€Å"natural, or primitive humankind, has, through the impulses and instincts of nature, the ability to learn about and live within the world they inhabit.Rather than enhance or support this natural ability, advancement in the art and sciences has tended to deny and thus alienate modern beings from this natural capacity. Rousseau thought we should educate future generations in accordance with the laws or restraints of nature. † (Philosophical Documents in Education, pg. 75). Dewey was different from other th eorist in many ways he is significant because of his thought about informal education. His belief that education must engage with and enlarge experience has continued to be a significant strand in informal education practice.He went beyond all theorists ideals mentioned earlier. â€Å"Dewey defines education as a continual process of reconstruction of experience. At heart, the educated person is a sense maker, that is, one who can wrest as much meaning as possible from her or his experiences. † (Philosophical Documents in Education, pg. 101) His idea was that children came to school to do things and live in a community that gave them real, guided experiences, which fostered their capacity to contribute to society. â€Å"Also, his concern with interaction and environments for learning provides a continuing framework for practice.Last, his passion for democracy, for educating so that all may share in a common life, provides a strong rationale for practice in the associational settings in which informal educators work. † (John Dewey: Philosophy of education). At its most basic level of definition, education is nothing more than the teaching of ideas. The early stages of schooling we learn mainly social skills and a basic knowledge, needed to broaden ours social horizons and permit us to do our independent choices in future.As our age and skill level increases, the learning becomes more based upon our interest, leading to the final formation of the intelligent person with his own opinions, ideas and beliefs, a new citizen of the progressive society. But at the same time the quality of education that we receive depends upon many issues and one of them is the society itself and the ideas that are believed in this society. Sometimes the students are only taught what particular society sees fit to teach them. This ideology has an astound effect when used as controlling propaganda.The quality of education is not only the skill that is provided, but also t he attitude. The skills that are learned are definitely important, but the determination and attitude learned is priceless. The communists came up with the idea of equality for everyone. Every person gets the same schooling and education. This concept cannot possibly work. Every person is different, everyone has a place in society, and work hard physically or mentally all of their lives. Inevitably, a society consists of different classes of people, and each class is essential to the survival of all.The gap between the classes can never be eliminated, but by educating people maybe it can become smaller. Many philosophies have been adopted by our society and make up our thoughts about what the role of education in the social progress is. Hence, we can see that throughout history renowned philosophers put forward diverse ideas about the concept of education and principles of the modern society, depending on the particular historical epoch and social circumstances. The ability to impro ve ourselves, is one of the strongest inherited abilities.Without the consistent development of the human race, life would be nothing more than survival. And in my opinion, education is definitely one of the most important tools that a society possesses. The right implementation of this tool is one of the greatest ways of assuring the quality of life within a society. Philosophical Documents of Education by Tony W. Johnson and Ronald F. Reed John Dewey: Philosophy of education infed. org/thinkers/et-dewey. htm Prepared by Mark K. Smith © Mark K. Smith 2001 Websters Online Dictionary websters-online-dictionary. org/

Empirical Evaluation in Software Engineering Essay

Empirical Evaluation in Software Engineering - Essay Example The systems developed are inherently complex by nature not to mention that they are constantly changing and this has in a large part required empirical evaluations to be carried out especially with regards to the large systems so as to incorporate continuity. Question 2 What factors might make it difficult to conduct an empirical evaluation of the scenario? Explain five factors and relate each of them to the scenario. There are several factors that might make it difficult to conduct an empirical evaluation in this scenario. They include: i. The researcher’s inexperience. The complex nature of carrying out such tasks requires one to have experience in this field. In this scenario, the person concerned has not even studied this subject and this coul prove to be a mjor stumbling block. ii. Inadequate resources. In order to carry out an empirical evaluation, large amount of resources are required. In our scenario, it might not be possible to acquire adequate funding to carry out s uch a project and therefore transforming theory into reality via empirical evaluation might not be possible. iii. Cumbersome. ... v. Inadequate information.Another difficulty might come about when seeking further information with regards to the two methods. There is very little information on the matter as there has been little or no reaserch done cocerning this. Question 3 Using the Fenton and Pfleeger model, why is it hard to show that an lntegrated Development Environment (such as those stated in the scenario) leads to improvements in the software project, or in the quality of the software produced. The end product in software production is greatly dependent on two factors; the experience of the developers and the input applied to the development process. A high quality software at the end of the day should do what it was intended for but in a simpler manner and for this to come to fruittion, it depends largely on the design principles and the developer. The Integrated Development Environment lays more emphasis on the ease of use, manageability and user interfaces. This makes it more difficult to evaluate th e importance of determining the quality of the controls, resources and input since they are determined by the developers. Further, in order to determine the output, provision of empirical evidence is key so as to predict it. Coming back to our scenario, this is not practical because of the complexities and numerous functionalities of the environments (Lewis & Veerapillai 2005) Question 4 Critically discuss the benefits and limitations of the case study and the survey study to answer'- the friend's question. There are many benefits that can be realised through conducting a case study method in the evaluation process. Some of these benefits may include; quantifying of the various benefits and functionalities that may be realised in a single

Assess the presidency of George Washington and John Adams in terms of Essay

Assess the presidency of George Washington and John Adams in terms of domestic and foreign policy, as well as the challenges they faced when they became president - Essay Example s plan, which had far reaching impacts how the national debt, excise taxes, protective tariffs on imports, and as far the management of the national purse, national bank, was to be handled (Ferling (a)11-23). Washington was a unifying factor and rallied the nation towards avoiding war, a fact that destabilized the strength of the nation regarding foreign relations. His first major challenge touched on his conduct with reference to Jay’s Treaty, signed with England-a treaty that infuriated the public leaving a trail of questions to the extent to which United States would be an influencing agent in international affairs. Nevertheless, putting into practice the Hamilton’s plan strengthened economic prospects domestically. He did quell the Whiskey Rebellion, which was sparked off by the levying of excise taxes, reminding people that federal concerns superseded local thoughts in the new republic. Generally, Washington’s tenure was a success as he steered the young nat ion through a delicate beginning (Ferling (b) 55). Reeling under the influence and successes of predecessor Washington, John Adams assumed power promising to modernize the US economy through promotion of education as well as keeping peace with foreign powers. However, his tenures ran into trouble with factions supporting US-British alliance and those sympathetic of France in a war that began in 1793 between the two neighbors. Stymied by a congress controlled much by his opposes, Adams stood his ground, devoting his best to the development of his country (Ferling (b) 87). Wearing Washington’s shoes, he knew too well the unpreparedness of his nation to fight outside wars. As such he sacrificed his popularity to settle â€Å"quasi-war† with France through his son Quincy Adams (Grant 71). His best remembered as a diplomat who contributed immensely in shaping Americas foreign policy in line with ardent nationalist policies tailored towards America’s republican values. His administration upheld and